Three-dimensional woven fabrics are one of the textile composite materials that have attracted much attention in recent years. Due to their wide range of preparation processes and various preparation methods, they overcome the shortcomings of two-dimensional laminated composite materials such as low interlayer strength and easy delamination failure, and have high specific strength. , high specific modulus, good impact resistance, strong designability and other advantages, it is widely used in aerospace, military, automobile, construction, medical and other fields.
Classification of three-dimensional woven fabrics
According to different yarn interweaving rules, the basic structure of two-dimensional woven fabrics can be divided into plain weave, twill weave and satin weave. A variety of complex structures can be derived from the combination of these three basic weaves. In the same way, the basic organization of three-dimensional woven fabrics includes three types: orthogonal, angular interlocking and multi-layer joining. The combination of these three organizational changes can derive three-dimensional woven fabrics with various complex organizational structures.
Three-dimensional woven fabrics are composed of multiple layers of fabrics connected together by binding yarns. The binding yarns are also called binding yarns and Z-direction yarns. According to the binding method, they can be divided into warp yarn binding and weft yarn binding, which are used to connect the layers. That part of the warp (weft) yarn of the fabric is called the binding warp or binding weft.
According to the different interweaving methods and inclination angles of the binding yarn, warp layer and weft layer, the orthogonal weave is divided into overall orthogonal and inter-layer orthogonal, and the angular interlocking weave is divided into overall angular interlocking and inter-layer angular interlocking. By changing the number of layers of warp and weft yarns, and the floating length and distribution of binding yarns, a variety of orthogonal structures and angular interlocking structures can be obtained.
Orthogonal organization and angular interlocking organization
Multi-layer binding is mainly done by warp yarns, and the binding methods can be roughly divided into two categories: binding yarn binding and self-warp yarn binding.
Two joining methods for multi-layer joining
In addition, according to the different structural characteristics of three-dimensional woven fabrics, three-dimensional woven fabrics can be divided into flat-shaped solid fabrics and hollow fabrics with complex structures; according to the different cross-sectional shapes of the fabrics, three-dimensional woven fabrics can be divided into profile fabrics, porous fabrics, There are four major categories: tubular fabrics and three-dimensional shell structure fabrics.
Profile fabric
Porous fabric
Weaving of three-dimensional woven fabrics
Composite materials with three-dimensional woven fabrics as reinforcements not only inherit the high specific strength, high specific stiffness, corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance of traditional laminated materials, but also overcome the problems of interlayer separation and cracking of traditional laminated materials. In addition, it stands out for its light weight, and its application fields are extensive and progressing rapidly.
Basic three-dimensional fabrics contain at least three axes: warp, weft, and Z. The introduction of Z-direction yarns makes multiple layers of warp and weft yarns tightly bundled together, effectively overcoming the common delamination problem of laminated composite materials. Introducing more axial directions into three-dimensional woven fabrics, such as three-dimensional four-way and three-dimensional five-way, is also the current research focus and hot spot in the field of three-dimensional textiles.
Multi-axial three-dimensional woven fabric
The weaving process parameters of three-dimensional woven fabrics mainly include yarn variety, linear density, warp and weft density, weaving shrinkage, fabric tightness (i.e., yarn coverage coefficient), fabric thickness, aperture shape and size of porous fabrics, etc. These factors directly or indirectly affect the performance of composite materials.
Three-dimensional fabrics can be woven on traditional looms, or traditional looms can be modified. For example, changing from a single cloth fell to multi-cloth fell weaving can significantly improve the weaving efficiency and effectively reduce the wear of the warp yarns during the weaving process. Using multiple warp beams or creels to supply yarn can control the warp tension more effectively. Special looms can also be developed to prepare three-dimensional fabrics of a certain structure. For example, using a circular loom to directly weave tubular fabrics can avoid damage to the carbon fibers caused by flattening when weaving carbon fiber tubular fabrics using the flat method.
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