Abstract: This article introduces the main principles of fabric wear and the detection method of wear resistance. The standard system of Martindale method and its relationship are introduced with emphasis. The national standard GB/T 21196.2～4-2007 is discussed in more detail.
Keywords: wear resistance; Martindale method; standard system; testing
Wear resistance is an important indicator of textile product quality and directly affects the durability and use effect of the product. Specifically, it refers to the properties of fabrics that resist wear and tear during repeated friction with other materials.
The wear and tear of textile products is mainly manifested in the following five aspects:
(1) During the friction process, fibers continuously collide with each other, and the fiber segments in the yarn break due to fatigue damage, resulting in the breakage of the yarn.
(2) The fibers are pulled out of the fabric, causing the structure of the yarn and fabric to become loose. The fibers may be completely pulled out under repeated action, causing the yarn to become thinner, the fabric to become thinner, or even disintegrate.
(3) The fibers are cut and broken, causing the yarn to break.
(4) The fiber surface is worn and fragments are lost on the fiber surface.
(5) Friction generates high temperatures, causing the fibers to melt or plastically deform, affecting the structure and mechanical properties of the fibers.
Wear is manifested in the morphological changes of the fabric, mainly damage, quality loss, appearance discoloration, pilling and other changes.
There are many methods for testing the wear resistance of textile products, such as flat grinding, curved grinding, hemming grinding and compound grinding. The Martindale method is a type of flat grinding method and is widely used in testing the abrasion resistance of clothing, home textiles, decorative fabrics, and furniture fabrics.
1 Introduction to the standard system
1.1International standards
ISO12947.2-1998 “Determination of the abrasion resistance of textiles by the Martindale method – Part 2: Determination of specimen damage”;
ISO12947.3-1998 “Textiles – Determination of abrasion resistance of fabrics using the Martindale method – Part 3: Determination of mass loss”;
ISO12947-4-1998 “Textiles – Determination of abrasion resistance of fabrics using the Martindale method – Part 4: Assessment of appearance changes”.
1.2 American Society for Materials (ASTM) standards
ASTMD4966-2010 “Martindale Abrasion Resistance Tester for Fabric Abrasion Resistance Testing”.
1.3 EU standards
ENISO12947-2:1998 “Determination of abrasion resistance of textiles Martindale fabrics Part 2: Determination of specimen damage”;
ENISO12947-3:1998 “Determination of the abrasion resistance of textiles by the Martindale method – Part 3: Determination of mass loss”;
ENISO12947-4:1998 “Textiles – Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method – Part 4: Assessment of changes in appearance”.
1.4 German Institute for Standardization (DIN) standards
DINEN ISO12947-2-2007 “Textiles. Determination of fiber abrasion resistance by Markov’s method. Part 2: Test damage determination”;
DINEN ISO12947-3-2007 “Textiles. Determination of fiber abrasion resistance by Markov’s method. Part 3: Determination of mass loss”;
DINEN ISO12947-7-2007 “Textiles. Determination of abrasion resistance of fabrics by Martindale method. Part 4: Assessment of appearance changes”.
1.5 British Standards Institution (BS) Standard
BSISO12947.2-1998 “Determination of the abrasion resistance of textiles by the Martindale method – Part 2: Determination of sample damage”;
BSISO12947.3-1998 “Textiles – Determination of fabric abrasion resistance by Martindale method – Part 3: Determination of mass loss”;
BSEN ISO12947-4-1999 “Determination of abrasion resistance of textile fabrics by Martindale method – Part 4 Assessment of appearance changes”.
1.6 Chinese National Standards
GB/T21196.2-2007 “Textiles – Determination of abrasion resistance of Martindale fabrics – Part 2: Determination of sample damage”;
GB/T21196.3-2007 “Textiles – Determination of fabric abrasion resistance by Martindale method – Part 3: Determination of mass loss”;
GB/T21196.4-2007 “Textiles – Determination of abrasion resistance of fabrics using the Martindale method – Part 4: Assessment of appearance changes”.
The standards given above are the Martindale method method standards for fabric abrasion resistance testing issued by several influential international standardization organizations. Among them, EU standards, German Standards Institute standards and British Standards Institute standards are all equivalent to the International Organization for Standardization standards. China’s national standards have been revised to adopt International Organization for Standardization standards. The detection methods are basically the same as those specified in International Organization for Standardization standards, except that the scope of application of the standard has added coated fabrics, and for the detection of coated fabrics, corresponding provisions for damage and friction of coated fabrics have been added. Load parameters, standard abrasives, and standard abrasive replacement requirements. American Society for Materials standard ASTM D4966-2010 “Martindale Abrasion Tester for Fabric Abrasion Resistance Test” includes…The two parts include the provisions on the wear resistance testing method and the provisions on the Martindale wear resistance tester and auxiliary materials. The testing method is basically consistent with the International Organization for Standardization standards ISO12947.2~4, in terms of the measurement of quality loss and the assessment of appearance changes. It is slightly different from the International Organization for Standardization standards ISO12947.3~4, and is more simplified in the end-point conditions of the test and the presentation of test results.
2. Fabric wear resistance evaluation method
The conditions for determining sample damage are: at least two independent yarns in the woven fabric are completely broken; one yarn in the knitted fabric is broken, causing holes in the appearance; the pile on the surface of the pile or cut pile fabric is worn to the bottom or exposed. There are pile tufts falling off; the non-woven fabric has holes caused by friction, with a diameter of ≥0.5mm; the coating part of the coated fabric is damaged to the point where the base fabric is exposed or there are flakes of coating falling off. The wear resistance of fabrics is generally analyzed and evaluated from three aspects: measurement of sample damage, measurement of mass loss, and evaluation of appearance changes.
1) Determination of sample damage: Under a certain load, the sample in the fixture is rubbed with the abrasive in a planar motion with a Lissajous curve trajectory. The total number of frictions when the sample is damaged is used to determine the wear resistance of the fabric.
2) Determination of mass loss: Under a certain load, the sample in the fixture is rubbed with the abrasive in a planar motion with a trajectory of Lissajous curve. The wear resistance of the sample is determined by the mass difference before and after friction when the sample is rubbed for a specific number of times. .
3) Evaluation of appearance changes: Under a certain load, the sample in the fixture is rubbed with the abrasive in a planar motion with a Lissajous curve trajectory. The wear resistance of the fabric is determined by the appearance changes of the sample before and after friction.
3 Summary of Textile Abrasion Resistance Testing Methods
3.1 Determination of sample damage
This method is suitable for all textile fabrics, but is not suitable for fabrics with short wear life.
(1) Selection of abrasives. Different standard abrasives are selected according to the characteristics of the sample. Uncoated fabric: woven plain wool fabric; coated fabric: No. 600 water sandpaper. The abrasive and grinding table are separated by wool felt. After the test, check the surface of the felt. If stains or wear appear, replace them in time.
(2) Sampling method. At least 3 pieces, the woven fabric should contain different warp and weft yarns. Jacquard fabric or fancy weave should include each characteristic part of a complete weave. When a complete weave or the pattern is large, each part can be sampled separately.
(3) Selection of specimen fixture lining. Determine the mass per unit area of the sample. The unit area of the sample is ≥500g/m2. No foam liner is required. The unit area of the sample is <500g/m2. A foam liner is installed in the sample fixture and replaced for each test. Styrofoam padding. Detection micro platform testbbs
(4) Selection of total effective mass of friction load. The total effective mass of the friction load includes the mass of the holder, stainless steel disc, and sample weight. According to the technical parameters provided by Atlas M235Martindale wear resistance and pilling tester, the mass of the holder: (200±1)g; the mass of the stainless steel disc: (260±1)g; the mass of the sample weight: ( 395±2)g, (594±2)g.
There are three options for selecting the total effective mass of the corresponding friction load according to the sample use and fabric characteristics: 1) (795±7) g: suitable for work clothes, furniture upholstery fabrics, bed linens, and industrial fabrics; (595±7) g :2) Suitable for clothing and home textiles (furniture upholstery fabrics, bed linens), non-clothing coated fabrics; (198±2) g: 3) Suitable for clothing coated fabrics.
(5) Abrasive replacement cycle
Wool standard fabric: 50,000 times; standard water sandpaper: 6,000 times.
(6) Check interval
The number of frictions when the sample reaches breakage is estimated, and on this basis, appropriate inspection intervals are designed as an observation point for the wear status of the sample surface during the wear resistance test. The inspection interval is a certain number of frictions.
(7) Display of measurement results
The total number of frictions when each sample is damaged is measured, and the number of frictions accumulated before the sample is damaged is regarded as the number of wear resistance.
3.2 Determination of mass loss
Suitable for all textile fabrics, but not suitable for fabrics with short wear life. The selection of abrasives, sampling method, specimen fixture lining selection, total effective mass selection of friction load and abrasive replacement cycle are consistent with the specimen damage determination method, and will not be repeated here.
(1) Check interval
Design an appropriate inspection interval as an observation point for the wear status of the sample surface during the wear resistance test. The inspection interval is a certain number of frictions. During the test, the wear of the sample is checked according to the set inspection intervals. When the sample is damaged or reaches the specified number of frictions, the test ends. The measurement of mass loss is divided into two situations: in the first case, at each inspection interval, the difference Δmi between the mass of the sample before the test and the mass of the test sample after the wear resistance test is measured; in the second case, the mass of the sample is measured reaches the wear point, measuredThe difference Δm between the mass of the sample before the test and the mass of the sample after the wear resistance test.
(2) Test results
The fabric abrasion resistance is measured using the mass loss measurement method. The test results include the following data: 1) The measured mass loss Δmi when each inspection interval is reached; 2) The sample reaches the wear point, which is the end of the test. The mass loss Δm at the point; 3) The relationship curve between the mass loss Δmi and the number of frictions; 4) The wear resistance index Ai (times/g), the calculation formula is: Ai=N/ΔmiN is the total number of frictions.
3.3 Changes in appearance quality
Determination of fabric abrasion resistance – Appearance quality change method is suitable for textile fabrics with short wear life. The selection of abrasives, sampling methods, and specimen fixture linings are consistent with the method for determining damage to woven specimens, and will not be repeated here.
(1) Total effective mass of friction load (198±2) g;
(2) Abrasive replacement cycle: replace new foam plastic and standard abrasives for each test;
(3) Regulations for evaluating appearance changes of specimens: 1) The wear resistance test reaches the surface change specified in the agreement, and the number of frictions is used as the measured value of wear resistance. Design appropriate inspection intervals as observation points for changes in specimen appearance. 2) Wear resistance test to the number of frictions specified in the agreement, and evaluate the surface changes of the sample by comparing it with an untested sample of the same fabric.
(4) Test results: Surface changes include discoloration, fluffing, and pilling. If the end point of the wear-resistant test is to achieve the surface changes specified in the agreement, the inspection agreement should specify the degree of discoloration, fluffing, and pilling on the surface of the sample. The test results shall be based on the sample reaching the degree of discoloration, fluffing, and pilling specified in the inspection agreement. Expressed by the number of times of friction. If the end point of the wear resistance test is the number of frictions specified in the agreement, the test result is that after the wear resistance test reaches the specified number of frictions, the post-test sample is compared with the original sample, and the degree of discoloration, fluffing, and pilling of the post-test sample is graded. The discoloration grade, fluffing and pilling grade of the sample after testing explain the changes in appearance quality.
4 Conclusion
The above systematically introduces the standard system of methods for measuring the abrasion resistance of Martindale fabrics, pointing out that the relationship between European standards, German standards, American Society for Materials standards and Chinese standards and international standards ISO is equivalent to adoption or modification. There are three methods for measuring the abrasion resistance of fabrics using the Martindale method: sample damage measurement, mass loss measurement, and appearance quality change method. Among the three methods, the commonly used method is to measure sample damage. This method has small errors, the test results are intuitive and clear, and the wear resistance of different fabrics is easy to compare. It is commonly used in clothing products and decorative fabrics. The expression form of the test results of the mass loss measurement method and the appearance quality change method is relatively complex, but it can reflect the wear resistance of the sample at different friction stages. It is very practical for manufacturing companies or scientific research institutions to analyze the use of fabrics. sex. Based on my country’s national standard GB/T 21196.2～4-2007, this article provides an overview of the main contents of the three determination methods of the Martindale fabric abrasion resistance. It is hoped that it will help textile quality inspectors correctly understand and apply the Martindale method. The Del method is used to test the abrasion resistance of fabrics.
Excerpted from|China Fiber Inspection Magazine
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